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高效提问:建构批判性思维技能的七步法
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Thought and Knowledge
This best-selling textbook, written by award-winning educator and past president of the APA, Diane Halpern, applies theory and research from the learning sciences to teach students the thinking skills they need to succeed in today's world. This new edition retains features from earlier editions that have helped its readers become better thinkers. A rigorous academic grounding based in cognitive psychology is presented in a clear writing style with a humorous tone and supported by numerous practical examples and anecdotes. Thought & Knowledge, Fourth Edition has been revised to help students meet the challenges of a global neighborhood and make meaningful conclusions form the overwhelming quantity of information now available at the click of a mouse. The skills learned with this text will help students learn more efficiently, research more productively, and present logical, informed arguments. New features include: Template for Making Arguments. This is a crucial preparation tool for students in any subject area. For those planning on continuing to Graduate School, this feature is an essential reference. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) now requires that all test takers write an argument on a contemporary topic. Concept Maps provide students with strategies to clarify complex information and retain long-term knowledge. Contemporary Examples, throughout the text, relate current events to the book discussions. Explanations on How to Evaluate Information found on Web sites. Revised Student Workbook. Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking, Fourth Edition is filled with new exercises to reinforce learning and practice newly acquired skills. This workbook can be purchased in a student package with the text or as a separate item. Thought & Knowledge, Fourth Edition is appropriate for use as a textbook in critical thinking courses offered in departments of psychology, philosophy, English, humanities, or as a supplement in any course where critical thinking is emphasized. -
学会独立思考
你知道什么是批判性思维吗? 你知道大学专业课程怎样学吗? 你会针对不同对象利用不同方式提问吗? 你会阅读大学教科书吗? 你会独立制订学习计划吗?…… 《学会独立思考》的两位作者张志和黄鑫是教学经验丰富的大学老师,多年的教学生涯,让他们感慨颇多。许多大学生不知道什么是批判性思维,不会正确的提问,不会阅读教科书……这是因为他们缺乏基本的独立思考能力。鉴于此,作者将亲身经历与学生自身问题相结合,亲授如何打破思考的局限,克服思考的障碍,学会创造性、批判性地思考问题的方法。 本书将有效帮助读者成为一个独立思考者,帮您建立成功的人生。 -
Attacking Faulty Reasoning
Increasingly college courses and programs require a critical thinking componentand include assignments meant to measure your critical thinking skills. ATTACKING FAULTY REASONING: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FALLACY-FREE ARGUMENTS, SIXTH EDITION, can help you brush up on these skillsand learn how to develop the logical, persuasive arguments you need now and throughout your career. This useful handbook addresses more than 60 common fallacies of logic with the help of over 200 memorable examples. It provides explanations and tips for avoiding fallacious thinking, and is an ideal resource when writing papers, essays, or arguments. -
Asking the Right Questions
Used in a variety of courses in various disciplines, Asking the Right Questions helps bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly accepting information, and the greater challenge of critical analysis and synthesis. Specifically, this concise text teaches how to think critically by exploring the components of arguments--issues, conclusions, reasons, evidence, assumptions, language--and on how to spot fallacies and manipulations and obstacles to critical thinking. -
逻辑的力量
译者序 《逻辑的力量》由美国西雅图太平洋大学的雷曼教授所著。1999 年出第一版。2002、2005 年又分别出了第二版和第三版。该书从根本上说,是一本非常好的逻辑学教材。该教材初为作者所在太平洋大学本科生使用,但很快就得到了推广,现在许多美国的大学和其它一些国家的大学都在用该书作为教材。该书第三版还开辟了网络教学模式,学习者可以通过网络进入在线逻辑辅导。 具体来说,我觉得该书主要有以下有三个重要特点: 第一,该书具有巨大的可读性和生动性。作者在表述上尽可能用生动的词语,在案例的选择上尽可能选用有趣的事例,练习也都是经过精挑细选的、能够充分地起到巩固所学知识点的作用。从教材的体系结构上,就可以领略到它在内容上的丰富性和充实性。正如作者所言,“最好的逻辑导论性课程应将传统逻辑(包括非形式逻辑)和现代符号逻辑都包括在内。对传统以及非形式方法的过分强调,会导致学生无法认识到逻辑提供的最有力的力量。而对符号方法的过分强调,则又很容易造成学生只会使用符号而不会将逻辑运用于日常论证中。”(前言)作者先是从论证、语言、谬误等非形式逻辑的角度入手,继而讲述词项逻辑、命题逻辑和谓词逻辑,最后介绍归纳和概率,可以说是将形式逻辑和非形式逻辑,将传统逻辑和现代逻辑,将演绎逻辑和归纳逻辑统一了起来。 第二,该书具有重要的学术价值。在内容上,作者既肯定用有效性作为判定推理和论证的标准,同时又不是将它作为唯一的标准。而是将这个标准推广到了可靠性和可信性。作者认为,一个论证是有效的,当其前提真时结论一定真,否则就是无效的。一个论证如果是有效的,而且前提也都是真实的,则该论证就是可靠的。所以无效的论证是不可靠的,而且至少有一个虚假前提的有效论证也是不可靠的。可信性是与可靠性完全不同的标准。可信论证是一种强的论证。如果一个论证是强的,则当其前提真时其结论很可能是真的,其结论假是不大可能的,否则就是弱的。可信论证是强的而且前提都真。所以弱的论证是不可信论证,有一个假前提的论证也是不可信论证。可靠论证都不是可信的,因为有效的论证都不是强的。类似地,可信论证也都不是可靠的,因为强的论证都不是有效的。而且,带一个假前提的有效论证是不可靠的,但并不是不可信的,因为一个有效论证既不是强的也不是弱的。所以,有效性和强度分别是演绎逻辑和归纳逻辑各自用来衡量问题的标准和方法。作者还主张在形式标准外,还应坚持非形式的标准。一个推理如果在形式上无效,则肯定是无效的。但即使一个论证从形式上看有效,但也不一定就是有效的。因为其中的内容可能有问题。当然,这些内容中的问题也还可以从形式上来加以刻画。总之,该书无论对于一般读者,还是对于从事逻辑教学和科研的第一线人员,都将起到重要的指导和引导作用。 第三,该书作者具有非常广博的学术视野和宽广的学术领域。作者研究领域很广泛。不但对逻辑有很深的造诣,而且在宗教学等领域的教学和研究上也都取得了许多成就。从作者所举的一个一个案例中可以看出,作者对这些案例都有深刻和自觉的体会。由于作者学术视野开阔,所以,他也就能充分地吸取不同观点的优势,注意分析多种不同的看法,从而尽可能少地出现偏差。