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圆锥曲线论(卷Ⅰ-Ⅳ)
希腊数学家阿波罗尼奥斯著。作者与欧几里得、阿基米德常被合称为古希腊亚历山大前期的三大数学家。本书原共8卷,卷Ⅰ~Ⅳ的希腊文本及卷Ⅴ~Ⅶ的阿拉伯文本保存了下来,最后一卷佚失,但其中一些内容的思想方法可以从帕波斯的著作中给出的一些引理中看到。 在阿波罗尼奥斯之前,圆锥曲线的数学性质至迟在公元前4世纪中期即已为希腊人所研究。阿基米德曾不加证明地叙述了圆锥曲线论的一些基本命题。当时,我们今天所谓的抛物线、双曲线和椭圆是用垂直于锥面一母线的平面来割该圆锥所产生的。相应于直角、钝角和锐角圆锥分别就得到抛物线、双曲线和椭圆。但阿波罗尼奥斯采用了截然不同的方法。他只依据同一个圆锥的截面便得到三种圆锥曲线。这种新方法与旧方法相比有许多优点。首先,所有三种曲线都可以用面积贴合的方法来表示,而旧方法只有在抛物线情形才有可能。用现代术语,阿波罗尼奥斯是把三种曲线的方程归于一个坐标系,该坐标系分别以曲线的一已知直径和该直径一端点的切线为坐标轴。它带来了第二种优点:由阿波罗尼奥斯得到曲线的方法立即可进行斜交贴合,而旧方法只允许直交贴合,用现代术语即曲线的坐标可换为任一直径及其切线。正因如此,《圆锥曲线论》开创了对圆锥曲线的现代研究。 该书第Ⅰ卷首先给出了圆锥曲线的定义,在介绍了圆锥曲线的基本性质之后,证明了关于共扼直径的一些简单事实。第Ⅱ卷开头给出了双曲线渐近线的作法和性质,然后引入双曲线的共轭,并证明它与所给双曲线具有相同的渐近线,之后说明如何求一圆锥曲线的直径。第Ⅲ卷论述关于切线与直径所成图形的面积的一些定理,并论述了极点和极线的所谓调和性质。第Ⅳ卷介绍极线的其他性质,讨论了各种位置的圆锥曲线之间可能有的交点的数目,这一点是前人没有论述过的。总之,前4卷除个别内容之外基本上是前人成果的集大成,只是在论述上更加全面和一般。其余几卷则是更加深入的研究。第Ⅴ卷有许多新颖和独特之处,论述了从一特定点到圆锥曲线所能作的最长和最短的线。第Ⅵ卷讲述合同圆锥曲线、相似圆锥曲线及圆锥曲线弓形,指出如何在一给定的直角圆锥上作出与一已知圆锥曲线相等的圆锥曲线。第Ⅶ卷介绍了有心圆锥曲线两共扼直径的性质,并把这些性质与轴的相应性质进行比较。第Ⅷ卷的内容大概是关于怎样求出有心圆锥曲线的直径,使其满足一定条件。 《圆锥曲线论》一书是古代关于圆锥曲线研究的登峰造极之作,它将圆锥曲线的性质网罗殆尽,几乎包括了我们今天所知的关于圆锥曲线的直径、轴、中心、渐近线等的一切性质(虽然它没有提及抛物线的焦点),使得后人几乎没有再研究的余地。在这方面直到17世纪才有所突破,对它的研究大大促进了解析几何学的诞生。 -
Euclid's Elements
The classic Heath translation, in a completely new layout with plenty of space and generous margins. An affordable but sturdy student and teacher sewn softcover edition in one volume, with minimal notes and a new index/glossary. -
Three-Dimensional Geometry and Topology, Vol. 1
This book develops some of the extraordinary richness, beauty, and power of geometry in two and three dimensions, and the strong connection of geometry with topology. Hyperbolic geometry is the star. A strong effort has been made to convey not just denatured formal reasoning (definitions, theorems, and proofs), but a living feeling for the subject. There are many figures, examples, and exercises of varying difficulty. This book was the origin of a grand scheme developed by Thurston that is now coming to fruition. In the 1920s and 1930s the mathematics of two-dimensional spaces was formalized. It was Thurston's goal to do the same for three-dimensional spaces. To do this, he had to establish the strong connection of geometry to topology--the study of qualitative questions about geometrical structures. The author created a new set of concepts, and the expression "Thurston-type geometry" has become a commonplace. Three-Dimensional Geometry and Topology had its origins in the form of notes for a graduate course the author taught at Princeton University between 1978 and 1980. Thurston shared his notes, duplicating and sending them to whoever requested them. Eventually, the mailing list grew to more than one thousand names. The book is the culmination of two decades of research and has become the most important and influential text in the field. Its content also provided the methods needed to solve one of mathematics' oldest unsolved problems--the Poincar Conjecture. Thurston received the Fields Medal, the mathematical equivalent of the Nobel Prize, in 1982 for the depth and originality of his contributions to mathematics. In 1979 he was awarded the Alan T. Waterman Award, which recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation. -
莫尔斯理论
《莫尔斯理论(英文)》主要内容简介:This book gives a present-day account of Marston Morse's theory of the calculus of variations in the large. However, there have been Im-portant developments during the past few years which are not mentioned.Let me describe three of these. -
Riemann surfaces
This graduate text on Riemann surface theory proves the fundamental analytical results on the existence of meromorphic functions and the Uniformisation Theorem. The approach taken emphasises PDE methods, applicable more generally in global analysis. The connection with geometric topology, and in particular the role of the mapping class group, is also explained. To this end, some more sophisticated topics have been included, compared with traditional texts at this level. While the treatment is novel, the roots of the subject in traditional calculus and complex analysis are kept well in mind. -
圆锥曲线的几何性质
《圆锥曲线的几何性质》采用综合法,从图形到图形,以平面几何知识为主,立体几何知识为辅,介绍了圆锥曲线的大批几何性质。主要内容包括:抛物线、正射影、椭圆、双曲线、直角双曲线、圆柱面和圆锥面的截线等等。