Preface xi Part 1. The Appeal of Mass Movements I. The Desire for Change 3 II. The Desire for Substitutes 12 III. The Interchangeability of Mass Movements 16 Part 2. The Potential Converts IV. The Role of the Undesirables in Human Affairs 24 V. The Poor 26 The New Poor 26 The Abjectly Poor 27 The Free Poor 31 The Creative Poor 34 The Unified Poor 34 VI. Misfits 46 VII. The Inordinately Selfish 48 VIII. The Ambitious Facing Unlimited Opportunities 49 IX. Minorities 50 X. The Bored 51 XI. The Sinners 53 Part 3. United Action and Self-sacrifice XII. Preface 58 XIII. Factors Promoting Self-sacrifice 62 Identification with a Collective Whole 62 Make-believe 66 Deprecation of the Present 68 "Things Which Are Not" 76 Doctrine 79 Fanaticism 83 Mass Movements and Armies 88 XIV. Unifying Agents 91 Hatred 91 Imitation 101 Persuasion and Coercion 105 Leadership 111 Action 120 Suspicion 124 The Effects of Unification 126 Part 4. Beginning and End XV. Men of Words 130 XVI. The Fanatics 143 XVII. The Practical Men of Action 147 XVIII. Good and Bad Mass Movements 153 The Unattractiveness and Sterility of the Active Phase 153 Some Factors Which Determine the Length of the Active Phase 157 Useful Mass Movements 162 Notes