目 录 代序：民族研究――简述我的民族研究经历 与思考 第一章 导论 一、中华民族的多元一体格局 （一）中华民族的生存空间 （二）多元的起源 （三）新石器文化多元交融和汇集 （四）凝聚核心汉族的出现 （五）地区性的多元统 （六）中原地区民族大混杂、大融合 （七）北方民族不断给汉族输入新的血液 （八）汉族同样充实了其他民族 （九）汉族的南向扩展 （十）中国西部的民族流动 （十一）中华民族格局形成的几个特点 （十二）瞻望前途 二、中华民族研究的新探索 第二章 中华民族的起源与形成 一、中华新石器文化的多元区域性发展 （一）中华文化起源于中华大地 （二）黄河中下游东西相对的两个文化区 （三）长江中下游东西相对的两个文化区 （四）燕辽文化区及黄河上游文化区 （五）以鄱阳湖――珠江三角洲为中心的 华南文化区 （六）北方游牧与渔猎文化区 （七）南北农业及狩猎文化三带的平行发展 二、中华远古的各部落集团 （一）史料问题 （二）父权制以前的史影 （三）父权制时代各部落集团 三、中华民族形成史的分期 （一）中华民族的起源与孕育 （二）中华民族的自在发展 （三）中华民族从自发到自觉的联合 四、中华民族的结构 （一）中华大地的地理结构 （二）中华民族的民族结构 （三）中华民族的政治结构 五、中华民族的共同性（一） （一）中华民族认同有长远的历史渊源 （二）各兄弟民族之间，你中有我，我中有你 （三）各具特点和特长而又互相学习和吸收 （四）中国民族关系的新纪元 六、中华民族的共同性（二） （一）远古神话所反映的共性与个性 （二）中国各民族远古祖先的认同与各自的特点 （三）各民族的历史自古认同为中国历史的一部分 （四）在中华民族解放斗争中同呼吸共命运 第三章 民族称谓含义的演变及其内在联系 一、“汉人”考 （一）“汉人”称谓的起源 （二）“汉人”族称的形成 （三）“汉人”范围的扩大与“汉族”称谓的出现 （四）对“汉人”称谓的演绎 二、“契丹”――汉人之别名 三、历史上少数民族中的“汉人成分 （一）少数民族的崛兴往往得助于汉人 （二）汉人之化入西北民族的成分 （三）汉人之化入西南、东南民族的成分 （四）汉人之化入中南民族的成分 （五）汉人间有迁于邻国而被涵化的成分 （六）民族间相互涵化是促进发展的因素 四、中国・华夷・蕃汉・中华・中华民族 （一）中国名称的起源 （二）春秋战国时期中国与华夷的含义 （三）秦以后中国含义的发展演变与确立 （四）汉人与蕃汉对举的内涵及外延 （五）中华与中华民族含义的演变和发展 第四章 中国历史上游牧民族的地位 一、匈奴游牧社会的历史地位 （一）匈奴统一中国北方游牧区的历史意义 （二）长城内外广大农业区与游牧区的形成 （三）匈奴游牧社会的历史地位 （四）游牧社会与农业社会历史的整体联系 二、西汉政府设置河西四郡的历史意义 （一）设置河西四郡的历史背景 （二）河西四郡促进了汉朝对西域的统一 （三）河西四郡促进了中西交通的发展 （四）河西四郡促进了西北经济文化的发展 第五章 中华民族研究的理论与方法 一、民族研究新发展的良好开端 （一）对中华民族的研究是时代的需要 （二）对中华民族内涵与外延的探讨 （三）对中华民族“多元”与“一体”的探讨 二、中华民族起源学说的由来与发展 （一）从一元说到多元一体说 （二）多元一体说的考古学依据 （三）中华文明初曙发展的总趋势 （四）需要对远古神话系统整理 三、传统民族观与中华民族一体观 （一）传统的“华夷之辨” （二）“大一统’格局中的“华夷之防’ （三）中华民族从自在发展到自觉的联合 四、中国民族研究的识异与求同 修订本跋 CONTENTS In Lieu of a Preface: An Brief Account of My Experience and Reflection on Ethnic Studies � � ?Fei Xiaotong Chapter One Introduction 1 The Pattern of Diversity in Unity of the Chinese Nation (1) Living Space of the Chinese Nation (2) Origin of the Diversity (3) Blending and Convergence of the Diversity of Neolithic Culture (4) Emergence of the Han People-a Cohesive Core (5) Diversity in Unity in Different Localities (6) Great Minglement and Great Blending of Ethnic Groups in the Central Plains (7) Northern Ethnic Groups Continuously Infused New Blood into the Han People (8) The Han People Also Strengthened Other Ethnic Groups (9) Southward Expansion of the Han People (10) Migration of Ethnic Groups in West China (11) Some Characteristics in the Forming of the Pattern of the Chinese Nation (12) Looking into the Future 2. A New Exploration in the Research of the Chinese Nation Chapter Two Origin and Formation of the Chinese Nation 1. Chinese Neolithic Cultures Developed in Different Regions (1) Chinese Culture Originated on the Territory of China (2) Two Cultural Regions Opposite to Each Other from East to West in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River (3) Two Cultural Regions Opposite to Each Other from East to West in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (4) Yan-Liao Cultural Region and the Cultural Region in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River (5) South China Cultural Region with Boyang Lake and Pearl River Delta as Its Center (6) Nomadic and Hunting Cultural Region in the North (7) The Parallel Development of the Three Zones- Agricultural Cultural Zones in the North and South and the Hunting Cultural Zone 2. Tribal Groups in Ancient China (1) Several Problems Related to Historical Materials (2) Historical Shadows Before Patriarchy (3) Tribal Groups in the Times of Patriarchy 3. Time Division of the History of Formation of the Chinese Nation (1) The Rise and Growth of the Chinese Nation (2) The Chinese Nation Developed on Its Own (3) The Chinese Nation Going from Spontaneous to Conscientious Union 4. The Structure of the Chinese Nation (1) Geographic Structure of the Chinese Land (2) Ethnic Structure of the Chinese Nation (3) Political Structure of the Chinese Nation 5. Common Characters of the Chinese Nation (1) (1) The Identification of the Chinese Nation Has a Long History (2) Among Brethren Ethnic Groups " 1 Am in You and You Are in Me" (3) Each Has Its Own Distinguishing Features and Specialties, and They Learn from Each Other (4) A New Era for the Relations Between China's Ethnic Groups 6. Common Characters of the Chinese Nation (11) (1) General and Specific Character Reflected in Ancient Myths (2) Identification of Forefathers of Various Ethnic Groups in China and Their Respective Distinguishing Features (3) History of Various Ethnic Groups Has Been from Ancient Times Identified As Part of Chinese History (4) Sharing a Common Fate in the Struggle for the Liberation of the Chinese Nation Chapter Three The Evolution of Ethnic Appellations and the Internal Relations That They Have Revealed 1. A Textual Research of the Term " Han" (1) Origin of the Appellation of " Han" (2) The Formation of the Ethnic Group Appellation of" Han" (3) The Expansion of the Scope of " Han" and the Emergence of the Appellation of " Han" (4) The Evolution of the Appellation of " Han" 2. " Qidan" -Another Name for Han 3. The " Han Component" in Ethnic Minorities in History (1) Rise of Ethnic Minorities Often due to the Help of the Han (2) Some Han Elements Assimilated into Northwest Ethnic Minorities (3) Some Han Elements Assimilated into Southwest and Southeast Ethnic Minorities (4) Some Han Elements Assimilated into South Central Ethnic Minorities (5) Some Han Elements Moved to Neighboring Countries and Were Assimilated (6) Assimilation Between Different Ethnic Groups Was a Factor for Promoting Development 4 Zhongguo, Hua-Yi, Fan-Han, Zhonghua, the Chinese Nation (1) The Origin of the Name of China (2) The Meaning of Zhongguo and Hua-Yi During the Spring &. Autumn Period and Warring States Period (3) The Evolution of the Meaning of Zhongguo and the Final Set Up of the Term (4) Intension and Extension of " Han" and " Fan-Han" (5) Evolution and Development of the Meaning of the Terms Zhonghua and the Chinese Nation Chapter Four Historical Position of Nomadic Ethnic Groups in China 1. Historical Position of the Xiongnu (Hun) Nomadic Society (1) Historic Significance of the Xiongnu (Hun) Unifying Nomadic Areas in North China (2) The Formation of the Vast Farming Areas and Nomadic Areas Inside and Outside of the Great Wall (3) Historical Position of the Xiongnu Nomadic Society (4) Historical Connections Between Nomadic Society and Farming Society 2. Historic Significance of Setting Up Four Prefectures in the Hexi (Gansu) Corridor by the Western Han Government (1) Historical Background of Setting Up Four Prefectures in the Hexi Corridor (2) The Four Prefectures in the Hexi Corridor Helped to Bring About the Unification of Western Regions by the Han Dynasty (3) The Four Prefectures in the Hexi Corridor Helped to Bring About the Development of Communication Between China and the West (4) The Four Prefectures in the Hexi Corridor Helped to Bring About the Economic and Cultural Development in Northwest China Chapter Five Theories and Methods for the Study of the Chi- nese Nation 1. A Good Beginning for the New Development of Ethnic Studies (1) Studies in the Chinese Nation is the Need of Times (2) A Probe into the Intension and Extension of the Chinese Nation (3) A Probe into the " Diversity" and " Unity" of the Chinese Nation 2.The Origin and Development of the Theories of the Genesis of the Chinese Nation (1) From the Theory of One Origin to the Theory of Diversity in Unity (2) Archaeological Basis for the Theory of Diversity in Units (3) General Trends of the Development of the Chinese Civilization at Its Initial Stage (4) Compilation of Ancient Mythological System 3.Traditional Concept of Ethnic Groups and the Concept of the Chinese Nation as a Whole (1) Traditional " Differentiation Yi (Han and Ethnic Minorities)" (2) The " Hua Guarding Against Yi" in the Pattern of a Unified Domain (3) The Chinese Nation Going from Spontaneous Development to Conscientiops Union 4. Acknowledging differences and Seeking Common Ground in the Study of the Chinese Nation Postscript to the Second Edition